This piece is based on my professional experience of classrooms across the country. My work has been in public sector schools, both urban and rural, serving the vast majority of the population rather than in the private, well-equipped English-medium schools which cater to the elite.

What is education for? Is it to transmit our collective social wisdom from one generation to the next, to pass on the best that’s been said and done? Is its main purpose perhaps to promote socialisation: preparing the young to work together as a society, follow its customs and achieve social harmony? Or is it to equip young people with the skills and knowledge they need for independent adult life and the demands of the labour market? It’s a basic but vital question, and yet on my many visits to classrooms up and down the country, I’m not sure it’s one we’ve fully thought through in relation to the way we actually teach and learn here.

Classrooms are microcosms of the whole education system, and indeed in many ways of wider society. When all the conventions are implemented, policies drafted, plans made, training given, it’s here that the real thing happens. So what goes wrong?

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